There are four views on Grammar: functional, descriptive, rhetorical and prescriptive. But what does that mean for ELs and emergent bilinguals? In the end, it means that learners need to have a knowledge of, and.Functional:A set of internalized rules that people learn and use to communicate.So what? Some theorize that this comes naturally over time.Descriptive:The implicit levels and sets of rules (proposed by ) that allow people to comprehend, produce and describe language. The surface structure of language output and the deep structure of variations to fit the situation.So what? The statement, “This is dark chocolate candy” can be changed into a different function by turning it into a question.
“Is this dark chocolate candy?” or “This is dark chocolate, right?”Rhetorical:The way that language is used for different purposes: questioning, narrating, arguing, persuading.So what? In my experience (me, ), when I work with students using a mentor text and their own writing, students are more effective and see the purpose of grammar – they start to internalize it.Prescriptive:Just like it sounds. 'Here are the rules for grammar, the names of the parts of speech, and the functions of the parts of speech. You must learn them to get speak and write better; we will test you on them.' However, researchers have shown that instruction via grammar translation, kill and drill grammar worksheets or any other explicit grammar for grammar’s sake instruction does not help learners know grammar better. Yes, teachers need to know about grammar, but “teachers should not expect that teaching traditional grammar will improve their students’ speech or writing” (, 2014, p. R., Invernizzi, M., Templeton, S., & Johnston, F.
Words Their Way: Word Study for Phonics, Vocabulary, and Spelling Instruction (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.Curzan, A., & Adams, M. How English works: A linguistic introduction (3rd ed.). Glenview, IL: Pearson.Freeman, D.
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E., & Freeman, Y. Essential linguistics: What teachers need to know to teach ESL, reading, spelling, and grammar. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Helman, L., Bear, D. R., Templeton, S., Invernizzi, M., & Johnston, F.
Words their way with English learners: Word study for phonics, vocabulary, and spelling instruction (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.Johnston, F., Invernizzi, M., Bear, D. R., & Templeton, S. Words Their Way: Word Sorts for Letter Name - Alphabetic Spellers (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson.Lems, K., Miller, L. D., & Soro, T. Building literacy with English language learners (2 ed.).
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New York: Guilford.